sort.c

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/* sort - sort a file of lines          Author: Michiel Huisjes */

/* SYNOPSIS:
 *      sort [-funbirdcmt'x'] [+beg_pos[opts] [-end_pos]] [-o outfile] [file]..
 *
 *      [opts] can be any of
 *      -f : Fold upper case to lower.
 *      -n : Sort to numeric value (optional decimal point) implies -b
 *      -b : Skip leading blanks
 *      -i : Ignore chars outside ASCII range (040 - 0176)
 *      -r : Reverse the sense of comparisons.
 *      -d : Sort to dictionary order. Only letters, digits, comma's and points
 *           are compared.
 *      If any of these flags are used in [opts], then they override all global
 *      ordering for this field.
 *
 *      I/O control flags are:
 *      -u : Print uniq lines only once.
 *      -c : Check if files are sorted in order.
 *      -m : Merge already sorted files.
 *      -o outfile : Name of output file. (Can be one of the input files).
 *                   Default is stdout.
 *      - : Take stdin as input.
 *
 *      Fields:
 *      -t'x' : Field separating character is 'x'
 *      +a.b : Start comparing at field 'a' with offset 'b'. A missing 'b' is
 *             taken to be 0.
 *      -a.b : Stop comparing at field 'a' with offset 'b'. A missing 'b' is
 *             taken to be 0.
 *      A missing -a.b means the rest of the line.
 */

#include <sys/types.h>
#include <sys/stat.h>
#include <fcntl.h>
#include <signal.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <limits.h>

#define OPEN_FILES      (OPEN_MAX-4)    /* Nr of open files per process */
#if __minix_vmd
#define MEMORY_SIZE     (1024 * 1024)
#else
#define MEMORY_SIZE     ((10 * sizeof(int)) * 1024)
#endif
                                        /* Total mem_size */
#define LINE_SIZE       (1024 >> 1)     /* Max length of a line */
#define IO_SIZE         (2 * 1024)      /* Size of buffered output */
#define STD_OUT          1      /* Fd of terminal */

/* Return status of functions */
#define OK               0
#define ERROR           -1
#define NIL_PTR         ((char *) 0)

/* Compare return values */
#define LOWER           -1
#define SAME             0
#define HIGHER           1

/* Table definitions. */
#define DICT            0x001   /* Alpha, numeric, letters and . */
#define ASCII           0x002   /* All between ' ' and '~' */
#define BLANK           0x004   /* ' ' and '\t' */
#define DIGIT           0x008   /* 0-9 */
#define UPPER           0x010   /* A-Z */

typedef int BOOL;

#define FALSE   0
#define TRUE    1

typedef struct {
  int fd;                       /* Fd of file */
  char *buffer;                 /* Buffer for reads */
  int read_chars;               /* Nr of chars actually read in buffer */
  int cnt;                      /* Nr of chars taken out of buffer */
  char *line;                   /* Contains line currently used */
} MERGE;

#define NIL_MERGE       ((MERGE *) 0)
MERGE merge_f[OPEN_FILES];      /* Merge structs */
int buf_size;                   /* Size of core available for each struct */

#define FIELDS_LIMIT    10      /* 1 global + 9 user */
#define GLOBAL           0

typedef struct {
  int beg_field, beg_pos;       /* Begin field + offset */
  int end_field, end_pos;       /* End field + offset. ERROR == EOLN */
  BOOL reverse;                 /* TRUE if rev. flag set on this field */
  BOOL blanks;
  BOOL dictionary;
  BOOL fold_case;
  BOOL ascii;
  BOOL numeric;
} FIELD;

/* Field declarations. A total of FILEDS_LIMIT is allowed */
FIELD fields[FIELDS_LIMIT];
int field_cnt;                  /* Nr of field actually assigned */

/* Various output control flags */
BOOL check = FALSE;
BOOL only_merge = FALSE;
BOOL uniq = FALSE;

char *mem_top;                  /* Mem_top points to lowest pos of memory. */
char *cur_pos;                  /* First free position in mem */
char **line_table;              /* Pointer to the internal line table */
BOOL in_core = TRUE;            /* Set if input cannot all be sorted in core */

 /* Place where temp_files should be made */
char temp_files[] = "/tmp/sort.XXXXX.XX";
char *output_file;              /* Name of output file */
int out_fd;                     /* Fd to output file (could be STD_OUT) */
char out_buffer[IO_SIZE];       /* For buffered output */

char **argptr;                  /* Pointer to argv structure */
int args_offset;                /* Nr of args spilled on options */
int args_limit;                 /* Nr of args given */

char separator;                 /* Char that separates fields */
int nr_of_files = 0;            /* Nr_of_files to be merged */
int disabled;                   /* Nr of files done */

char USAGE[] = "Usage: sort [-funbirdcmt'x'] [+beg_pos [-end_pos]] [-o outfile] [file] ..";

/* Forward declarations */
_PROTOTYPE(int main, (int argc, char **argv));
_PROTOTYPE(void get_opts, (char *ptr, FIELD * field));
_PROTOTYPE(void new_field, (FIELD * field, int *offset, BOOL beg_fl));
_PROTOTYPE(void adjust_options, (FIELD * field));
_PROTOTYPE(void error, (BOOL quit, char *message, char *arg));
_PROTOTYPE(void open_outfile, (void));
_PROTOTYPE(void get_file, (int fd, off_t size));
_PROTOTYPE(int last_line, (void));
_PROTOTYPE(void print_table, (int fd));
_PROTOTYPE(char *file_name, (int nr));
_PROTOTYPE(void mread, (int fd, char *address, int bytes));
_PROTOTYPE(void mwrite, (int fd, char *address, int bytes));
_PROTOTYPE(void sort, (void));
_PROTOTYPE(void sort_table, (int nel));
_PROTOTYPE(void incr, (int si, int ei));
_PROTOTYPE(int cmp_fields, (char *el1, char *el2));
_PROTOTYPE(void build_field, (char *dest, FIELD * field, char *src));
_PROTOTYPE(char *skip_fields, (char *str, int nf));
_PROTOTYPE(int compare, (char *el1, char *el2));
_PROTOTYPE(int cmp, (unsigned char *el1, unsigned char *el2, FIELD * field));
_PROTOTYPE(int digits, (char *str1, char *str2, BOOL check_sign));
_PROTOTYPE(void files_merge, (int file_cnt));
_PROTOTYPE(void merge, (int start_file, int limit_file));
_PROTOTYPE(void put_line, (char *line));
_PROTOTYPE(MERGE * print, (MERGE * merg, int file_cnt));
_PROTOTYPE(int read_line, (MERGE * merg));
_PROTOTYPE(MERGE * skip_lines, (MERGE * smallest, int file_cnt));
_PROTOTYPE(void uniq_lines, (MERGE * merg));
_PROTOTYPE(void check_file, (int fd, char *file));
_PROTOTYPE(int length, (char *line));
_PROTOTYPE(void copy, (char *dest, char *src));
_PROTOTYPE(char *msbrk, (int size));
_PROTOTYPE(void mbrk, (char *address));
_PROTOTYPE(void catch, (int dummy));

/* Table of all chars. 0 means no special meaning. */
char table[256] = {
/* '^@' to space */
           0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
           0, BLANK | DICT, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
           0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
           0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,

/* Space to '0' */
       BLANK | DICT | ASCII, ASCII, ASCII, ASCII, ASCII, ASCII, ASCII,
           ASCII, ASCII, ASCII, ASCII, ASCII, ASCII, ASCII,
           ASCII, ASCII,

/* '0' until '9' */
     DIGIT | DICT | ASCII, DIGIT | DICT | ASCII, DIGIT | DICT | ASCII,
     DIGIT | DICT | ASCII, DIGIT | DICT | ASCII, DIGIT | DICT | ASCII,
     DIGIT | DICT | ASCII, DIGIT | DICT | ASCII, DIGIT | DICT | ASCII,
           DIGIT | DICT | ASCII,

/* ASCII from ':' to '@' */
           ASCII, ASCII, ASCII, ASCII, ASCII, ASCII, ASCII,

/* Upper case letters 'A' to 'Z' */
     UPPER | DICT | ASCII, UPPER | DICT | ASCII, UPPER | DICT | ASCII,
     UPPER | DICT | ASCII, UPPER | DICT | ASCII, UPPER | DICT | ASCII,
     UPPER | DICT | ASCII, UPPER | DICT | ASCII, UPPER | DICT | ASCII,
     UPPER | DICT | ASCII, UPPER | DICT | ASCII, UPPER | DICT | ASCII,
     UPPER | DICT | ASCII, UPPER | DICT | ASCII, UPPER | DICT | ASCII,
     UPPER | DICT | ASCII, UPPER | DICT | ASCII, UPPER | DICT | ASCII,
     UPPER | DICT | ASCII, UPPER | DICT | ASCII, UPPER | DICT | ASCII,
     UPPER | DICT | ASCII, UPPER | DICT | ASCII, UPPER | DICT | ASCII,
           UPPER | DICT | ASCII, UPPER | DICT | ASCII,

/* ASCII from '[' to '`' */
           ASCII, ASCII, ASCII, ASCII, ASCII, ASCII,

/* Lower case letters from 'a' to 'z' */
           DICT | ASCII, DICT | ASCII, DICT | ASCII, DICT | ASCII,
           DICT | ASCII, DICT | ASCII, DICT | ASCII, DICT | ASCII,
           DICT | ASCII, DICT | ASCII, DICT | ASCII, DICT | ASCII,
           DICT | ASCII, DICT | ASCII, DICT | ASCII, DICT | ASCII,
           DICT | ASCII, DICT | ASCII, DICT | ASCII, DICT | ASCII,
           DICT | ASCII, DICT | ASCII, DICT | ASCII, DICT | ASCII,
           DICT | ASCII, DICT | ASCII,

/* ASCII from '{' to '~' */
           ASCII, ASCII, ASCII, ASCII,

/* Stuff from -1 to -177 */
           0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
           0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
           0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
           0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
           0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
           0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
           0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
           0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
           0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0
};


/*
 * Get_opts () assigns the options into the field structure as described in ptr.
 * This field structure could be the GLOBAL one.
 */
void get_opts(ptr, field)
register char *ptr;
register FIELD *field;
{
  switch (*ptr) {
      case 'b':                 /* Skip leading blanks */
        field->blanks = TRUE;
        break;
      case 'd':                 /* Dictionary order */
        field->dictionary = TRUE;
        break;
      case 'f':                 /* Fold upper case to lower */
        field->fold_case = TRUE;
        break;
      case 'i':                 /* Skip chars outside ' ' '~' */
        field->ascii = TRUE;
        break;
      case 'n':                 /* Sort on numeric */
        field->numeric = TRUE;
        field->blanks = TRUE;
        break;
      case 'r':                 /* Reverse comparisons */
        field->reverse = TRUE;
        break;
      default:                  /* Illegal options */
        error(TRUE, USAGE, NIL_PTR);
  }
}

/* New_field () assigns a new field as described by the arguments.
 * A field description is of the form: +a.b[opts] -c.d, where b and d, as well
 * as -c.d and [opts] are optional. Nr before digit is field nr. Nr after digit
 * is offset from field.
 */
void new_field(field, offset, beg_fl)
register FIELD *field;          /* Field to assign */
int *offset;                    /* Offset in argv structure */
BOOL beg_fl;                    /* Assign beg or end of field */
{
  register char *ptr;

  ptr = argptr[*offset];
  *offset += 1;                 /* Incr offset to next arg */
  ptr++;

  if (beg_fl)
        field->beg_field = atoi(ptr);   /* Assign int of first field */
  else
        field->end_field = atoi(ptr);

  while (table[*ptr] & DIGIT)   /* Skip all digits */
        ptr++;

  if (*ptr == '.') {            /* Check for offset */
        ptr++;
        if (beg_fl)
                field->beg_pos = atoi(ptr);
        else
                field->end_pos = atoi(ptr);
        while (table[*ptr] & DIGIT)     /* Skip digits */
                ptr++;
  }
  if (beg_fl) {
        while (*ptr != '\0')    /* Check options after field */
                get_opts(ptr++, field);
  }
  if (beg_fl) {                 /* Check for end pos */
        ptr = argptr[*offset];
        if (ptr && *ptr == '-' && ((table[*(ptr + 1)] & DIGIT) || *(ptr + 1) == '.')) {
                new_field(field, offset, FALSE);
                if (field->beg_field > field->end_field)
                        error(TRUE, "End field is before start field!", NIL_PTR);
        } else                  /* No end pos. */
                field->end_field = ERROR;
  }
}

int main(argc, argv)
int argc;
char *argv[];
{
  int arg_count = 1;            /* Offset in argv */
  struct stat st;
  register char *ptr;           /* Ptr to *argv in use */
  register int fd;
  int pid, pow;

  argptr = argv;
  cur_pos = mem_top = msbrk(MEMORY_SIZE);       /* Find lowest mem. location */

  while (arg_count < argc && ((ptr = argv[arg_count])[0] == '-' || *ptr == '+')) {
        if (*ptr == '-' && *(ptr + 1) == '\0')  /* "-" means stdin */
                break;
        if (*ptr == '+') {      /* Assign field. */
                if (++field_cnt == FIELDS_LIMIT)
                        error(TRUE, "Too many fields", NIL_PTR);
                new_field(&fields[field_cnt], &arg_count, TRUE);
        } else {                /* Get output options */
                while (*++ptr) {
                        switch (*ptr) {
                            case 'c':   /* Only check file */
                                check = TRUE;
                                break;
                            case 'm':   /* Merge (sorted) files */
                                only_merge = TRUE;
                                break;
                            case 'u':   /* Only give uniq lines */
                                uniq = TRUE;
                                break;
                            case 'o':   /* Name of output file */
                                output_file = argv[++arg_count];
                                break;
                            case 't':   /* Field separator */
                                ptr++;
                                separator = *ptr;
                                break;
                            default:    /* Sort options */
                                get_opts(ptr, &fields[GLOBAL]);
                        }
                }
                arg_count++;
        }
  }

  for (fd = 1; fd <= field_cnt; fd++) adjust_options(&fields[fd]);

/* Create name of tem_files 'sort.pid.aa' */
  ptr = &temp_files[10];
  pid = getpid();
  pow = 10000;
  while (pow != 0) {
        *ptr++ = pid / pow + '0';
        pid %= pow;
        pow /= 10;
  }

  signal(SIGINT, catch);

/* Only merge files. Set up */
  if (only_merge) {
        args_limit = args_offset = arg_count;
        while (argv[args_limit] != NIL_PTR)
                args_limit++;   /* Find nr of args */
        files_merge(args_limit - arg_count);
        exit(0);
  }
  if (arg_count == argc) {      /* No args left. Use stdin */
        if (check)
                check_file(0, NIL_PTR);
        else
                get_file(0, (off_t) 0);
  } else
        while (arg_count < argc) {      /* Sort or check args */
                if (strcmp(argv[arg_count], "-") == 0)
                        fd = 0;
                else if (stat(argv[arg_count], &st) < 0) {
                        error(FALSE, "Cannot find ", argv[arg_count++]);
                        continue;
                }

                /* Open files */
                else if ((fd = open(argv[arg_count], O_RDONLY)) < 0) {
                        error(FALSE, "Cannot open ", argv[arg_count++]);
                        continue;
                }
                if (check)
                        check_file(fd, argv[arg_count]);
                else            /* Get_file reads whole file */
                        get_file(fd, st.st_size);
                arg_count++;
        }

  if (check) exit(0);

  sort();                       /* Sort whatever is left */

  if (nr_of_files == 1)         /* Only one file sorted -> don't merge */
        exit(0);

  files_merge(nr_of_files);
  return(0);
}

/* Adjust_options() assigns all global variables set also in the fields
 * assigned.
 */
void adjust_options(field)
register FIELD *field;
{
  register FIELD *gfield = &fields[GLOBAL];

  if (gfield->reverse) field->reverse = TRUE;
  if (gfield->blanks) field->blanks = TRUE;
  if (gfield->dictionary) field->dictionary = TRUE;
  if (gfield->fold_case) field->fold_case = TRUE;
  if (gfield->ascii) field->ascii = TRUE;
  if (gfield->numeric) field->numeric = TRUE;
}

/* Error () prints the error message on stderr and exits if quit == TRUE. */
void error(quit, message, arg)
register BOOL quit;
register char *message, *arg;
{
  write(2, message, strlen(message));
  if (arg != NIL_PTR) write(2, arg, strlen(arg));
  perror(" ");
  if (quit) exit(1);
}

/* Open_outfile () assigns to out_fd the fd where the output must go when all
 * the sorting is done.
 */
void open_outfile()
{
  if (output_file == NIL_PTR)
        out_fd = STD_OUT;
  else if ((out_fd = creat(output_file, 0644)) < 0)
        error(TRUE, "Cannot creat ", output_file);
}

/* Get_file reads the whole file of filedescriptor fd. If the file is too big
 * to keep in core, a partial sort is done, and the output is stashed somewhere.
 */
void get_file(fd, size)
int fd;                         /* Fd of file to read */
register off_t size;            /* Size of file */
{
  register int i;
  int rest;                     /* Rest in memory */
  char save_ch;                 /* Used in stdin readings */

  rest = MEMORY_SIZE - (cur_pos - mem_top);
  if (fd == 0) {                /* We're reding stdin */
        while ((i = read(0, cur_pos, rest)) > 0) {
                if ((cur_pos - mem_top) + i == MEMORY_SIZE) {
                        in_core = FALSE;
                        i = last_line();        /* End of last line */
                        save_ch = mem_top[i];
                        mem_top[i] = '\0';
                        sort(); /* Sort core */
                        mem_top[i] = save_ch;   /* Restore erased char */
                        /* Restore last (half read) line */
                        for (rest = 0; i + rest != MEMORY_SIZE; rest++)
                                mem_top[rest] = mem_top[i + rest];
                        /* Assign current pos. in memory */
                        cur_pos = &mem_top[rest];
                } else {        /* Fits, just assign position in mem. */
                        cur_pos = cur_pos + i;
                        *cur_pos = '\0';
                }

                /* Calculate rest of mem */
                rest = MEMORY_SIZE - (cur_pos - mem_top);
        }
  }

  /* Reading file. Check size */
  else if (size > rest) {       /* Won't fit */
        mread(fd, cur_pos, rest);
        in_core = FALSE;
        i = last_line();        /* Get pos. of last line */
        mem_top[i] = '\0';      /* Truncate */
        (void) lseek(fd, (off_t) (i - MEMORY_SIZE), SEEK_CUR);  /* Do this next time */
        size = size - rest - i + MEMORY_SIZE;   /* Calculate rest */
        cur_pos = mem_top;      /* Reset mem */
        sort();                 /* Sort core */
        get_file(fd, size);     /* Get rest of file */
  } else {                      /* Fits. Just read in */
        rest = size;
        mread(fd, cur_pos, rest);
        cur_pos = cur_pos + rest;       /* Reassign cur_pos */
        *cur_pos = '\0';
        (void) close(fd);       /* File completed */
  }
}

/* Last_line () find the last line in core and retuns the offset from the top
 * of the memory.
 */
int last_line()
{
  register int i;

  for (i = MEMORY_SIZE - 2; i > 0; i--)
        if (mem_top[i] == '\n') break;
  return i + 1;
}

/* Print_table prints the line table in the given file_descriptor. If the fd
 * equals ERROR, it opens a temp_file itself.
 */
void print_table(fd)
int fd;
{
  register char **line_ptr;     /* Ptr in line_table */
  register char *ptr;           /* Ptr to line */
  int index = 0;                /* Index in output buffer */

  if (fd == ERROR) {
        if ((fd = creat(file_name(nr_of_files), 0644)) < 0)
                error(TRUE, "Cannot creat ", file_name(nr_of_files));
  }
  for (line_ptr = line_table; *line_ptr != NIL_PTR; line_ptr++) {
        ptr = *line_ptr;
        /* Skip all same lines if uniq is set */
        if (uniq && *(line_ptr + 1) != NIL_PTR) {
                if (compare(ptr, *(line_ptr + 1)) == SAME) continue;
        }
        do {                    /* Print line in a buffered way */
                out_buffer[index++] = *ptr;
                if (index == IO_SIZE) {
                        mwrite(fd, out_buffer, IO_SIZE);
                        index = 0;
                }
        } while (*ptr++ != '\n');
  }
  mwrite(fd, out_buffer, index);/* Flush buffer */
  (void) close(fd);             /* Close file */
  nr_of_files++;                /* Increment nr_of_files to merge */
}

/* File_name () returns the nr argument from the argument list, or a uniq
 * filename if the nr is too high, or the arguments were not merge files.
 */
char *file_name(nr)
register int nr;
{
  if (only_merge) {
        if (args_offset + nr < args_limit) return argptr[args_offset + nr];
  }
  temp_files[16] = nr / 26 + 'a';
  temp_files[17] = nr % 26 + 'a';

  return temp_files;
}

/* Mread () performs a normal read (), but checks the return value. */
void mread(fd, address, bytes)
int fd;
char *address;
register int bytes;
{
  if (read(fd, address, bytes) < 0 && bytes != 0)
        error(TRUE, "Read error", NIL_PTR);
}

/* Mwrite () performs a normal write (), but checks the return value. */
void mwrite(fd, address, bytes)
int fd;
char *address;
register int bytes;
{
  if (write(fd, address, bytes) != bytes && bytes != 0)
        error(TRUE, "Write error", NIL_PTR);
}

/* Sort () sorts the input in memory starting at mem_top. */
void sort()
{
  register char *ptr = mem_top;
  register int count = 0;

/* Count number of lines in memory */
  while (*ptr) {
        if (*ptr++ == '\n') count++;
  }

/* Set up the line table */
  line_table = (char **) msbrk(count * sizeof(char *) + sizeof(char *));

  count = 1;
  ptr = line_table[0] = mem_top;
  while (*ptr) {
        if (*ptr++ == '\n') line_table[count++] = ptr;
  }

  line_table[count - 1] = NIL_PTR;

/* Sort the line table */
  sort_table(count - 1);

/* Stash output somewhere */
  if (in_core) {
        open_outfile();
        print_table(out_fd);
  } else
        print_table(ERROR);

/* Free line table */
  mbrk((char *) line_table);
}

/* Sort_table () sorts the line table consisting of nel elements. */
void sort_table(nel)
register int nel;
{
  char *tmp;
  register int i;

  /* Make heap */
  for (i = (nel >> 1); i >= 1; i--) incr(i, nel);

  /* Sort from heap */
  for (i = nel; i > 1; i--) {
        tmp = line_table[0];
        line_table[0] = line_table[i - 1];
        line_table[i - 1] = tmp;
        incr(1, i - 1);
  }
}

/* Incr () increments the heap. */
void incr(si, ei)
register int si, ei;
{
  char *tmp;

  while (si <= (ei >> 1)) {
        si <<= 1;
        if (si + 1 <= ei && compare(line_table[si - 1], line_table[si]) <= 0)
                si++;
        if (compare(line_table[(si >> 1) - 1], line_table[si - 1]) >= 0)
                return;
        tmp = line_table[(si >> 1) - 1];
        line_table[(si >> 1) - 1] = line_table[si - 1];
        line_table[si - 1] = tmp;
  }
}

/* Cmp_fields builds new lines out of the lines pointed to by el1 and el2 and
 * puts it into the line1 and line2 arrays. It then calls the cmp () routine
 * with the field describing the arguments.
 */
int cmp_fields(el1, el2)
register char *el1, *el2;
{
  int i, ret;
  char line1[LINE_SIZE], line2[LINE_SIZE];

  for (i = 0; i < field_cnt; i++) {     /* Setup line parts */
        build_field(line1, &fields[i + 1], el1);
        build_field(line2, &fields[i + 1], el2);
        if ((ret = cmp((unsigned char *) line1, (unsigned char *) line2,
                       &fields[i + 1])) != SAME)
                break;          /* If equal, try next field */
  }

/* Check for reverse flag */
  if (i != field_cnt && fields[i + 1].reverse) return -ret;

/* Else return the last return value of cmp () */
  return ret;
}

/* Build_field builds a new line from the src as described by the field.
 * The result is put in dest.
 */
void build_field(dest, field, src)
char *dest;                     /* Holds result */
register FIELD *field;          /* Field description */
register char *src;             /* Source line */
{
  char *begin = src;            /* Remember start location */
  char *last;                   /* Pointer to end location */
  int i;

/* Skip begin fields */
  src = skip_fields(src, field->beg_field);

/* Skip begin positions */
  for (i = 0; i < field->beg_pos && *src != '\n'; i++) src++;

/* Copy whatever is left */
  copy(dest, src);

/* If end field is assigned truncate (perhaps) the part copied */
  if (field->end_field != ERROR) {      /* Find last field */
        last = skip_fields(begin, field->end_field);
/* Skip positions as given by end fields description */
        for (i = 0; i < field->end_pos && *last != '\n'; i++) last++;
        dest[last - src] = '\n';/* Truncate line */
  }
}

/* Skip_fields () skips nf fields of the line pointed to by str. */
char *skip_fields(str, nf)
register char *str;
int nf;
{
  while (nf-- > 0) {
        if (separator == '\0') {/* Means ' ' or '\t' */
                while (*str != ' ' && *str != '\t' && *str != '\n') str++;
                while (table[*str] & BLANK) str++;
        } else {
                while (*str != separator && *str != '\n') str++;
                if (*str == separator) str++;
        }
  }
  return str;                   /* Return pointer to indicated field */
}

/* Compare is called by all sorting routines. It checks if fields assignments
 * has been made. if so, it calls cmp_fields (). If not, it calls cmp () and
 * reversed the return value if the (global) reverse flag is set.
 */
int compare(el1, el2)
register char *el1, *el2;
{
  int ret;

  if (field_cnt > GLOBAL) return cmp_fields(el1, el2);

  ret = cmp((unsigned char *) el1, (unsigned char *) el2, &fields[GLOBAL]);
  return(fields[GLOBAL].reverse) ? -ret : ret;
}

/* Cmp () is the actual compare routine. It compares according to the
 * description given in the field pointer.
 */
int cmp(el1, el2, field)
register unsigned char *el1, *el2;
FIELD *field;
{
  int c1, c2;

  if (field->blanks) {          /* Skip leading blanks */
        while (table[*el1] & BLANK) el1++;
        while (table[*el2] & BLANK) el2++;
  }
  if (field->numeric)           /* Compare numeric */
        return digits((char *) el1, (char *) el2, TRUE);

  for (;;) {
        while (*el1 == *el2) {
                if (*el1++ == '\n')     /* EOLN on both strings */
                        return SAME;
                el2++;
        }
        if (*el1 == '\n')       /* EOLN on string one */
                return LOWER;
        if (*el2 == '\n') return HIGHER;
        if (field->ascii) {     /* Skip chars outside 040 - 0177 */
                if ((table[*el1] & ASCII) == 0) {
                        do {
                                el1++;
                        } while ((table[*el1] & ASCII) == 0);
                        continue;
                }
                if ((table[*el2] & ASCII) == 0) {
                        do {
                                el2++;
                        } while ((table[*el2] & ASCII) == 0);
                        continue;
                }
        }
        if (field->dictionary) {/* Skip non-dict chars */
                if ((table[*el1] & DICT) == 0) {
                        do {
                                el1++;
                        } while ((table[*el1] & DICT) == 0);
                        continue;
                }
                if ((table[*el2] & DICT) == 0) {
                        do {
                                el2++;
                        } while ((table[*el2] & DICT) == 0);
                        continue;
                }
        }
        if (field->fold_case) { /* Fold upper case to lower */
                if (table[c1 = *el1++] & UPPER) c1 += 'a' - 'A';
                if (table[c2 = *el2++] & UPPER) c2 += 'a' - 'A';
                if (c1 == c2) continue;
                return c1 - c2;
        }
        return *el1 - *el2;
  }

  /* NOTREACHED */
}

/*
 * Digits compares () the two strings that point to a number of digits followed
 * by an optional decimal point.
 */
int digits(str1, str2, check_sign)
register char *str1, *str2;
BOOL check_sign;                /* True if sign must be checked */
{
  BOOL negative = FALSE;        /* True if negative numbers */
  int diff, pow, ret;

/* Check for optional minus or plus sign */
  if (check_sign) {
        if (*str1 == '-') {
                negative = TRUE;
                str1++;
        } else if (*str1 == '+')
                str1++;

        if (*str2 == '-') {
                if (negative == FALSE) return HIGHER;
                str2++;
        } else if (negative)
                return LOWER;
        else if (*str2 == '+')
                str2++;
  }

/* Keep incrementing as long as digits are available and equal */
  while ((table[*str1] & DIGIT) && table[*str2] & DIGIT) {
        if (*str1 != *str2) break;
        str1++;
        str2++;
  }

/* First check for the decimal point. */
  if (*str1 == '.' || *str2 == '.') {
        if (*str1 == '.') {
                if (*str2 == '.')       /* Both. Check decimal part */
                        ret = digits(str1 + 1, str2 + 1, FALSE);
                else
                        ret = (table[*str2] & DIGIT) ? LOWER : HIGHER;
        } else
                ret = (table[*str1] & DIGIT) ? HIGHER : LOWER;
  }

/* Now either two digits differ, or unknown char is seen (e.g. end of string) */
  else if ((table[*str1] & DIGIT) && (table[*str2] & DIGIT)) {
        diff = *str1 - *str2;   /* Basic difference */
        pow = 0;                /* Check power of numbers */
        while (table[*str1++] & DIGIT) pow++;
        while (table[*str2++] & DIGIT) pow--;
        ret = (pow == 0) ? diff : pow;
  }

/* Unknown char. Check on which string it occurred */
  else {
        if ((table[*str1] & DIGIT) == 0)
                ret = (table[*str2] & DIGIT) ? LOWER : SAME;
        else
                ret = HIGHER;
  }

/* Reverse sense of comparisons if negative is true. (-1000 < -1) */
  return(negative) ? -ret : ret;
}

/* Files_merge () merges all files as indicated by nr_of_files. Merging goes
 * in numbers of files that can be opened at the same time. (OPEN_FILES)
 */
void files_merge(file_cnt)
register int file_cnt;          /* Nr_of_files to merge */
{
  register int i;
  int limit;

  for (i = 0; i < file_cnt; i += OPEN_FILES) {
        /* Merge last files and store in output file */
        if ((limit = i + OPEN_FILES) >= file_cnt) {
                open_outfile();
                limit = file_cnt;
        } else {                /* Merge OPEN_FILES files and store in temp
                         * file */
                temp_files[16] = file_cnt / 26 + 'a';
                temp_files[17] = file_cnt % 26 + 'a';
                if ((out_fd = creat(temp_files, 0644)) < 0)
                        error(TRUE, "Cannot creat ", temp_files);
                file_cnt++;
        }
        merge(i, limit);
  }

/* Cleanup mess */
  i = (only_merge) ? args_limit - args_offset : 0;
  while (i < file_cnt) (void) unlink(file_name(i++));
}

/* Merge () merges the files between start_file and limit_file. */
void merge(start_file, limit_file)
int start_file, limit_file;
{
  register MERGE *smallest;     /* Keeps track of smallest line */
  register int i;
  int file_cnt = limit_file - start_file;       /* Nr of files to merge */

/* Calculate size in core available for file_cnt merge structs */
  buf_size = MEMORY_SIZE / file_cnt - LINE_SIZE;

  mbrk(mem_top);                /* First reset mem to lowest loc. */
  disabled = 0;                 /* All files not done yet */

/* Set up merge structures. */
  for (i = start_file; i < limit_file; i++) {
        smallest = &merge_f[i - start_file];
        if (!strcmp(file_name(i), "-")) /* File is stdin */
                smallest->fd = 0;
        else if ((smallest->fd = open(file_name(i), O_RDONLY)) < 0) {
                smallest->fd = ERROR;
                error(FALSE, "Cannot open ", file_name(i));
                disabled++;     /* Done this file */
                continue;
        }
        smallest->buffer = msbrk(buf_size);
        smallest->line = msbrk(LINE_SIZE);
        smallest->cnt = smallest->read_chars = 0;
        (void) read_line(smallest);     /* Read first line */
  }

  if (disabled == file_cnt) {   /* Couldn't open files */
        (void) close(out_fd);
        return;
  }

/* Find a merg struct to assign smallest. */
  for (i = 0; i < file_cnt; i++) {
        if (merge_f[i].fd != ERROR) {
                smallest = &merge_f[i];
                break;
        }
  }

/* Loop until all files minus one are done */
  while (disabled < file_cnt - 1) {
        if (uniq)               /* Skip all same lines */
                smallest = skip_lines(smallest, file_cnt);
        else {                  /* Find smallest line */
                for (i = 0; i < file_cnt; i++) {
                        if (merge_f[i].fd == ERROR)
                                continue;       /* We've had this one */
                        if (compare(merge_f[i].line, smallest->line) < 0)
                                smallest = &merge_f[i];
                }
        }                       /* Print line and read next */
        smallest = print(smallest, file_cnt);
  }

  if (only_merge && uniq)
        uniq_lines(smallest);   /* Print only uniq lines */
  else                          /* Print rest of file */
        while (print(smallest, file_cnt) != NIL_MERGE);

  put_line(NIL_PTR);            /* Flush output buffer */
}

/* Put_line () prints the line into the out_fd filedescriptor. If line equals
 * NIL_PTR, the out_fd is flushed and closed.
 */
void put_line(line)
register char *line;
{
  static int index = 0;         /* Index in out_buffer */

  if (line == NIL_PTR) {        /* Flush and close */
        mwrite(out_fd, out_buffer, index);
        index = 0;
        (void) close(out_fd);
        return;
  }
  do {                          /* Fill out_buffer with line */
        out_buffer[index++] = *line;
        if (index == IO_SIZE) {
                mwrite(out_fd, out_buffer, IO_SIZE);
                index = 0;
        }
  } while (*line++ != '\n');
}

/*
 * Print () prints the line of the merg structure and tries to read another one.
 * If this fails, it returns the next merg structure which file_descriptor is
 * still open. If none could be found, a NIL structure is returned.
 */
MERGE *print(merg, file_cnt)
register MERGE *merg;
int file_cnt;                   /* Nr of files that are being merged */
{
  register int i;

  put_line(merg->line);         /* Print the line */

  if (read_line(merg) == ERROR) {       /* Read next line */
        for (i = 0; i < file_cnt; i++) {
                if (merge_f[i].fd != ERROR) {
                        merg = &merge_f[i];
                        break;
                }
        }
        if (i == file_cnt)      /* No more files left */
                return NIL_MERGE;
  }
  return merg;
}

/* Read_line () reads a line from the fd from the merg struct. If the read
 * failed, disabled is incremented and the file is closed. Readings are
 * done in buf_size bytes.
 * Lines longer than LINE_SIZE are silently truncated.
 */
int read_line(merg)
register MERGE *merg;
{
  register char *ptr = merg->line - 1;  /* Ptr buf that will hold line */

  do {
        ptr++;
        if (merg->cnt == merg->read_chars) {    /* Read new buffer */
                if ((merg->read_chars =
                     read(merg->fd, merg->buffer, buf_size)) <= 0) {
                        (void) close(merg->fd); /* OOPS */
                        merg->fd = ERROR;
                        disabled++;
                        return ERROR;
                }
                merg->cnt = 0;
        }
        *ptr = merg->buffer[merg->cnt++];       /* Assign next char of line */
        if (ptr - merg->line == LINE_SIZE - 1)
                *ptr = '\n';    /* Truncate very long lines */
  } while (*ptr != '\n' && *ptr != '\0');

  if (*ptr == '\0')             /* Add '\n' to last line */
        *ptr = '\n';
  *++ptr = '\0';                /* Add '\0' */
  return OK;
}

/* Skip_lines () skips all same lines in all the files currently being merged.
 * It returns a pointer to the merge struct containing the smallest line.
 */
MERGE *skip_lines(smallest, file_cnt)
register MERGE *smallest;
int file_cnt;
{
  register int i;
  int ret;

  if (disabled == file_cnt - 1) /* We've had all */
        return smallest;

  for (i = 0; i < file_cnt; i++) {
        if (merge_f[i].fd == ERROR || smallest == &merge_f[i])
                continue;       /* Don't check same file */
        while ((ret = compare(merge_f[i].line, smallest->line)) == 0) {
                if (read_line(&merge_f[i]) == ERROR) break;     /* EOF */
        }
        if (ret < 0)            /* Line wasn't smallest. Try again */
                return skip_lines(&merge_f[i], file_cnt);
  }
  return smallest;
}

/* Uniq_lines () prints only the uniq lines out of the fd of the merg struct. */
void uniq_lines(merg)
register MERGE *merg;
{
  char lastline[LINE_SIZE];     /* Buffer to hold last line */

  for (;;) {
        put_line(merg->line);   /* Print this line */
        copy(lastline, merg->line);     /* and save it */
        if (read_line(merg) == ERROR)   /* Read the next */
                return;
        /* Keep reading until lines duffer */
        while (compare(lastline, merg->line) == SAME)
                if (read_line(merg) == ERROR) return;
  }

  /* NOTREACHED */
}

/*
 * Check_file () checks if a file is sorted in order according to the arguments
 * given in main ().
 */
void check_file(fd, file)
int fd;
char *file;
{
  register MERGE *merg;         /* 1 file only */
  char lastline[LINE_SIZE];     /* Save last line */
  register int ret;             /* ret status of compare */

  if (fd == 0) file = "stdin";
  merg = (MERGE *) mem_top;     /* Assign MERGE structure */
  merg->buffer = mem_top + sizeof(MERGE);
  merg->line = msbrk(LINE_SIZE);
  merg->cnt = merg->read_chars = 0;
  merg->fd = fd;
  buf_size = MEMORY_SIZE - sizeof(MERGE);

  if (read_line(merg) == ERROR) /* Read first line */
        return;
  copy(lastline, merg->line);   /* and save it */

  for (;;) {
        if (read_line(merg) == ERROR)   /* EOF reached */
                break;
        if ((ret = compare(lastline, merg->line)) > 0) {
                error(FALSE, "Disorder in file ", file);
                write(2, merg->line, length(merg->line));
                break;
        } else if (ret < 0)     /* Copy if lines not equal */
                copy(lastline, merg->line);
        else if (uniq) {
                error(FALSE, "Non uniq line in file ", file);
                write(2, merg->line, length(merg->line));
                break;
        }
  }

  mbrk(mem_top);                /* Reset mem */
}

/* Length () returns the length of the argument line including the linefeed. */
int length(line)
register char *line;
{
  register int i = 1;           /* Add linefeed */

  while (*line++ != '\n') i++;
  return i;
}

/* Copy () copies the src line into the dest line including linefeed. */
void copy(dest, src)
register char *dest, *src;
{
  while ((*dest++ = *src++) != '\n');
}

/* Msbrk() does a sbrk() and checks the return value. */
char *msbrk(size)
register int size;
{
  register char *address;

  if ((address = sbrk(size)) == (char *) -1)
        error(TRUE, "Not enough memory. Use chmem to allocate more", NIL_PTR);
  return address;
}

/* Mbrk() does a brk() and checks the return value. */
void mbrk(address)
char *address;
{
  if (brk(address) == -1) error(TRUE, "Cannot reset memory", NIL_PTR);
}

void catch(dummy)
int dummy;                      /* to satisfy the prototype */
{
  register int i;

  signal(SIGINT, SIG_IGN);
  only_merge = FALSE;
  for (i = 0; i < 26; i++) (void) unlink(file_name(i));
  exit(2);
}

---